I am ....ALL of Ceation

~I am~
~I~
I, is the title of a man or woman, as an individual entity
giving
recognition to themselves.
~WE~
We, the title
of an
organization of individual entities
with
thought trained unity.
are
{All Real Entities}
you
You,
is a
soul name,
which means,
a
tie to life.
{are one of}
'A' = 'single'
~US~
Us,
a
force
of
many entities.
~THEM~
Them,
an
opposing force,
as in
second thought.
~ME~
Me,
self entity
~Be~
Be,
{WORD}
of
{God}
~ALLAH~

In a world
such
as
ours,
would you be
an
animal
if
you
were
"black"?

Do you think
that they,
would be considered animals
in an
equally peaceful world?
Dangerous/Dominant
I`m
a
King of Kings,
{T.I.T.N.}

LOCK UP ALL AMERICANS IN PRISION CAMPS/MARTIAL LAW

Sir Isaac Newton FRS

(4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 [OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726])
was an
English physicist,
mathematician,
astronomer,
natural philosopher,
alchemist,
and
theologian
who is
considered by many scholars and members
of the
general public to be one of the most influential people in human history.
His 1687 publication of the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
(usually called the Principia)
is considered to be among the most influential books in the history of science, laying the groundwork for most of classical mechanics.
In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries.
Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation,
thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the scientific revolution.
Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours that form the visible spectrum.
He also formulated an empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of sound.
In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of the differential and integral calculus.
He also demonstrated the generalised binomial theorem, developed Newton's method for approximating the roots of a function, and contributed to the study of power series.
Newton remains uniquely influential to scientists, as demonstrated by a 2005 survey of members of Britain's Royal Society asking who had the greater effect on the history of science and had the greater contribution to humankind, Newton or Albert Einstein. Royal Society scientists deemed Newton to have made the greater overall contribution on both.Newton was also highly religious, though an unorthodox Christian, writing more on Biblical hermeneutics and occult studies than the natural science for which he is remembered today.
The 100 by astrophysicist Michael H. Hart ranks Newton as the second most influential person in history
(below Muhammad and above Jesus).The Convention was manifestly adopted for humanitarian and civilizing purposes.
Its objectives are to safeguard the very existence of certain human groups and to affirm and emphasize the most elementary principles of humanity and morality. In view of the rights involved, the legal obligations to refrain from genocide are recognized as erga omnes.
When the Convention was drafted, it was already envisaged that it would apply not only to then existing forms of genocide, but also
"to any method that might be evolved in the future with a view to destroying the physical existence of a group".
As emphasized in the preamble to the Convention,
genocide has marred all periods of history, and it is this very tragic recognition that gives the concept its historical evolutionary nature.
The Convention must be interpreted in good faith, in accordance with the ordinary meaning of its terms, in their context,
and in the light of its object and purpose.
Moreover, the text of the Convention should be interpreted in such a way that a reason and a meaning can be attributed to every word.
No word or provision may be disregarded or treated as superfluous, unless this is absolutely necessary to give effect to the terms read as a whole.
Genocide is a crime under international law regardless of
"whether committed in time of peace or in time of war"
(art. I).
Thus, irrespective of the context in which it occurs
(for example, peace time, internal strife, international armed conflict or whatever the general overall situation)
genocide is a punishable international crime.
– UN Commission of Experts
that examined violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia.
For genocide to happen, there must be certain preconditions.
Foremost among them is a national culture that does not place a high value on human life.
A totalitarian society, with its assumed superior ideology, is also a precondition for genocidal acts.
In addition, members of the dominant society must perceive their potential victims as less than fully human: as “pagans,” “savages,” “uncouth barbarians,” “unbelievers,” “effete degenerates,”
“ritual outlaws,” “racial inferiors,”
“class antagonists,”
“counterrevolutionaries,”
and so on.
In themselves,
these conditions are not enough
for the
perpetrators to commit genocide.
To do that—that is,
to commit genocide—the perpetrators need a strong,
centralized authority and bureaucratic organization as well as pathological individuals and criminals.
Also required is a campaign of vilification and dehumanization of the victims by the perpetrators, who are usually new states or new regimes attempting to impose conformity to a new ideology and its model of society.
– M. Hassan Kakar
The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (c.33)
is an
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It introduced a number of changes to the existing law, most notably in the restriction and reduction of existing rights and in greater penalties for certain
"anti-social"
behaviours.
The Bill was introduced by Michael Howard, home secretary of Prime Minister John Major's Conservative government, and attracted widespread opposition.
Martial law is the imposition of military rule by military authorities over designated regions on an emergency basis
—usually only temporary—
when the civilian government or civilian authorities fail to function effectively
(e.g., maintain order and security, and provide essential services),
when there are extensive riots and protests, or when the disobedience of the law becomes widespread.
In most cases, military forces are deployed to quiet the crowds, to secure government buildings and key or sensitive locations, and to maintain order.
Generally, military personnel replace civil authorities and perform some or all of their functions.
The constitution could be suspended, and in full-scale martial law, the highest ranking military General would take over, or be installed, as the military governor or as head of the government, thus removing all power from the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the federal government.
Martial law can be used by governments to enforce their rule over the public. Such incidents may occur after a coup d'état
(Thailand 2006);
when threatened by popular protest
(China, Tiananmen Square protests of 1989);
to suppress political opposition
(Poland in 1981);
to stabilize insurrections or perceived insurrections
(Canada, The October Crisis of 1970).
Martial law may be declared in cases of major natural disasters, however most countries use a different legal construct, such as a
"state of emergency".
Martial law has also been imposed during conflicts and in cases of occupations, where the absence of any other civil government provides for an unstable population. Examples of this form of military rule include post World War II reconstruction in Germany and Japan as well as the southern reconstruction following the U.S. Civil War.
Typically, the imposition of martial law accompanies curfews,
the suspension of civil law, civil rights, habeas corpus, and the application or extension of military law or military justice to civilians.
Civilians defying martial law may be subjected to military tribunal
(court-martial).
Military tribunal
"Military commission"
redirects here.
For the commissioning of an officer,
see Officer
(armed forces).
"Military court"
redirects here.
For courts with jurisdiction over military personnel, see Court-martial.
For other uses, see Military law.
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is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus.›
‹ The template below (Globalize) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus.›
Globe icon.
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject.
Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page.
(February 2009)
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A military tribunal is a kind of military court designed to try members of enemy forces during wartime, operating outside the scope of conventional criminal and civil proceedings.
The judges are military officers and fulfill the role of jurors. Military tribunals are distinct from courts-martial.
A military tribunal is an inquisitorial system based on charges brought by a military authorities, prosecuted by a military authority, judged by military officers, and sentenced by military officers against a member of an adversarial force.
Military tribunals in the United States
The United States has made use of military tribunals or commissions, rather than rely on a court-martial, within the military justice system, during times of declared war or rebellion.
General George Washington used military tribunals during the American Revolution. Commissions were also used by General
(and later President)
Andrew Jackson during the War of 1812 to try a British spy; commissions, labeled
"Councils of War,"
were also used in the Mexican-American War.
The Union used military tribunals during and in the immediate aftermath of the American Civil War.
Military tribunals were used to try Native Americans who fought the United States during the Indian Wars which occurred during the Civil War;
the thirty-eight people who were executed after the Dakota War of 1862 were sentenced by a military tribunal.
The so-called Lincoln conspirators were also tried by military commission in the spring and summer of 1865.
The most prominent civilians tried in this way were Democratic politicians Clement L. Vallandigham, Lambdin P. Milligan, and Benjamin Gwynn Harris.
All were convicted,
and Harris was expelled from the Congress as a result.
It must be noted that all of these tribunals were concluded prior to the Supreme Court's decision in Milligan.
The use of military tribunals in cases of civilians was often controversial, as tribunals represented a form of justice alien to the common law, which governs criminal justice in the United States, and provides for trial by jury, the presumption of innocence, forbids secret evidence, and provides for public proceedings.
Critics of the Civil War military tribunals charged that they had become a political weapon,
for which the accused had no legal recourse to the regularly constituted courts, and no recourse whatsoever except through an appeal to the President.
The U. S. Supreme Court
agreed,
and
unanimously ruled that military tribunals used to try civilians in any jurisdiction where
the civil courts were functioning were unconstitutional,
with its decision in
Ex Parte Milligan, 71 U.S. 2 (1866).
Military commissions were also used in the Philippines in the aftermath of the Spanish-American War; as these were used in an active war zone as an expedient of war, they did not fall afoul of Milligan.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered military tribunals for eight German prisoners accused of planning sabotage in the United States as part of Operation Pastorius.
Roosevelt's decision was challenged, but upheld, in Ex parte Quirin.
All eight of the accused were convicted and sentenced to death. Six were executed by electric chair at the District of Columbia jail on August 8, 1942.
Two who had given evidence against the others had their sentences reduced by Roosevelt to prison terms.
In 1948, they were released and deported to the American Zone of occupied Germany.
Most recently, as discussed below, the administration of George W. Bush has sought to use military tribunals to try
"unlawful enemy combatants",
mostly individuals captured abroad and held at a prison camp at a military base at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba.
Jurisdiction
Courts-martial generally take jurisdiction only over members of their own military and sometimes, civilians present with them.
Even when court-martial procedures are used to try enemies, the body convened is often instead called a military tribunal or military commission.
A military tribunal or military commission,
in contrast,
is generally used to refer to bodies who assert jurisdiction over persons who are held in military custody and stand accused of being enemies in a conflict in which the military is engaged who a combatants who have violated a law of war.
Military tribunals convened to impose punishment
(as opposed to tribunals established solely to classify persons in military custody as combatants or non-combatants),
generally limit themselves to accusations that an individual violated the laws of war. Military tribunals generally do not consider cases where an individual is merely being accused of being a combatant on behalf of the enemy.
Military tribunals
also,
generally speaking, do not assert jurisdiction over people who are acknowledged to be non-combatants who have committed ordinary civil crimes.
But,
military tribunals are sometimes used to try individuals not affiliated with a national military who are nonetheless accused of being combatants acting in violation of the laws of war.
Controversy
While tribunals can provide for quick trials under the conditions of war, many critics
[who?]
say this occurs at the expense of justice.Time constraints and the inability
to obtain
evidence can greatly hamper a case for the defense.
Others
[who?]
have tried to use this argument in favor of commissions, as issues such as chain of evidence and hearsay, which are applied in civilian and criminal trials, could preclude conviction if such rules were applied
(e.g., how to claim a bomb was in proper custody from a battlefield to a courtroom?)
Civilian trials must be open to the public, while military tribunals can be held in secret.
Because conviction usually relies on some sort of majority quota, the separability problem can easily cause the verdict to be displeasing not only to the defendant but also to the tribunal.
Decisions made by a military tribunal cannot be appealed to federal courts. The only way to appeal is a petition for a panel of review
(which may or may not include civilians as well as military officers)
to review decisions,
however the President,
as commander-in-chief, has final review of all appeals.
Although such tribunals do not satisfy most protections and guarantees provided by the United States Bill of Rights, that has not stopped Presidents from using them, nor the U.S. Congress from authorizing them, as in the Military Commissions Act of 2006.
Trial by military commission of the Guantanamo detainees
Main article:
Guantanamo military commission
President George W. Bush ordered that certain detainees imprisoned at the Naval base at Guantanamo Bay were to be tried by military commissions.
This decision sparked controversy and litigation.
On June 29, 2006, the U.S. Supreme Court limited the power of the Bush administration to conduct military tribunals to suspected terrorists at Guantánamo Bay.
In December 2006, the Military Commissions Act of 2006
was
passed and authorized the establishment of military commissions subject to certain requirements
and
with a designated system of appealing those decisions.
A military commission system addressing objections identified by the U.S. Supreme Court was then established by the Department of Defense. Litigation concerning the establishment of this system is ongoing.
As of June 13, 2007, the appellate body in this military commission system had not yet been constituted.
Three cases had been commenced in the new system, as of June 13, 2007.
One detainee,
David Matthew Hicks plea bargained and was sent to Australia to serve a nine-month sentence.
Two cases were dismissed without prejudice because the tribunal believed that the men charged had not been properly determined to be persons within the commission's jurisdiction on June 4, 2007,
and the military prosecutors asked the commission to reconsider that decision on June 8, 2007.
One of the dismissed cases involved Omar Ahmed Khadr, who was captured at age 15 in Afghanistan after having allegedly killed a U.S. soldier with a grenade.
The other dismissed case involved Salim Ahmed Hamdan who is alleged to have been
Osama bin Laden's
driver and is the lead plaintiff in a key series of cases challenging the military commission system.
The system is in limbo until the jurisdictional issues addressed in the early cases are resolved

Organized Control of Murder~ Witness - Death Behind Bars

A prison (from Old French prisoun)
is a place in which people are physically confined and, usually, deprived of a range of personal freedoms. Other terms are penitentiary, correctional facility, and jail (or gaol), although in the United States
"jail" and "prison" refer to different subtypes of correctional facility. Jails are conventionally institutions which form part of the criminal justice system of a county and house both inmates awaiting trial and convicted misdemeanants. Prisons form part of the criminal justice system of a state and only house convicted felons, usually for longer periods of time than jails.
(The U.S. Federal Government also has a system of jails and prisons).
Imprisonment or incarceration is a legal penalty that may be imposed by the state for the commission of a crime.
A criminal suspect who has been charged with or is likely to be charged with criminal offense may be held on remand in prison if he is denied or unable to meet conditions of bail, or is unable or unwilling to post bail.
A criminal defendant may also be held in prison while awaiting trial or a trial verdict. If found guilty, a defendant will be convicted and may receive a custodial sentence requiring imprisonment.
As well as convicted or suspected criminals, prisons may be used for internment of those not charged with a crime. Prisons may also be used as a tool of political repression to detain political prisoners, prisoners of conscience, and "enemies of the state",
particularly by authoritarian regimes. In times of war or conflict, prisoners of war may also be detained in prisons.
A prison system is the organizational arrangement of the provision and operation of prisons, and depending on their nature, may invoke a corrections system.
Although people have been imprisoned throughout history, they have also regularly been able to perform prison escapes.
The Federal Prison System existed for more than 30 years before the establishment of the Bureau of Prisons. Although its wardens functioned almost autonomously, a Department of Justice official in Washington was nominally in charge of Federal prisons, starting with the passage of the Three Prisons Act in 1891, which authorized the Federal Government's first three penitentiaries.
Until 1907, prison matters were handled by the Justice Department's General Agent. The General Agent was responsible for Justice Department accounts, oversight of internal operations, and certain criminal investigations, as well as prison operations. In 1907, the General Agent's office was abolished, and its functions were distributed among three new offices: the Division of Accounts (which evolved into the Justice Management Division); the Office of the Chief Examiner (which evolved into the Federal Bureau of Investigation); and the Office of the Superintendent of Prisons and Prisoners, later called the Superintendent of Prisons (which evolved into the Bureau of Prisons).

The Federal Bureau of Prisons (often referred to operationally as the BOP)[1] is a federal law enforcement agency subdivision of the United States Department of Justice and is responsible for the administration of the federal prison system. The system also handles prisoners who committed acts considered felonies under the District of Columbia's law.
The Bureau was established in 1930 to provide more progressive and humane care for Federal inmates, to professionalize the prison service, and to ensure consistent and centralized administration of the 11 Federal prisons in operation at the time.
According to its official web site, the Bureau consists of more than 119 institutions, 6 regional offices, its headquarters office in Washington D.C.,
2 staff training centers, and 28 community corrections offices, and is responsible for the custody and care of approximately 207,872 Federal offenders.
Approximately 85 percent of these inmates are confined in Bureau-operated correctional facilities or detention centers.
The remainder are confined through agreements with state and local governments or through contracts with privately-operated community corrections centers,
detention centers, prisons, and juvenile facilities.
The Bureau is also responsible for carrying out all judicially mandated federal executions
(other than those carried out under military law)
in the United States,
and
maintains
the federal lethal injection chamber
in
Terre Haute, Indiana.

Sinful Slave

Wage slavery
19th century female workers in Lowell,
Massachusetts were arguably the first people to use the term
"wage slavery"
Wage slavery refers to a situation where a person's livelihood depends on wages, especially in a total and immediate way.
The term's analogy between slavery and wage labor may refer only
to an
"[un]equal bargaining situation between labor and capital,"
particularly where workers are paid comparatively low wages
(e.g. sweatshops).
Or it may draw similarities between owning and employing a person, which equates the term with a lack of workers' self-management.
This covers a wider range of employment choices bound by the pressures of a hierarchical social environment
e.g.
working for a wage not only under threat of starvation or poverty, but also of social stigma or status diminution.
Similarities between wage labor and slavery were noted at least as early as Cicero and
Aristotle.
A line in the original Star-Spangled Banner categorizes
"hirelings"
as
being in the same category as
slaves;
i.e. people
who weren't considered free.
With the advent of the industrial revolution, thinkers such as Proudhon and Marx elaborated these comparisons in the context of a critique of property not intended for active personal use.
Before the American Civil War, Southern defenders of African American slavery also invoked the concept of wage slavery to favorably compare
the condition of
their slaves to workers in the North.
The introduction of wage labor in 18th century Britain was met with resistance – giving rise to the principles of syndicalism.
The use of the term wage slave by labor organizations may originate from the labor protests of the Lowell Mill Girls in 1836.
The imagery of wage slavery was widely used by labor organizations during the mid-19th century to object to the lack of workers' self-management.
However, it was gradually replaced by the more pragmatic term
"wage work"
towards the end of the 19th century, as labor organizations shifted their focus to raising wages. Historically, some groups and individual social activists, have espoused workers' self-management or worker cooperatives as possible alternatives to wage labor.

The first articulate description of wage slavery
was perhaps
made by
Simon Linguet in 1763:
The slave was precious to his master because of the money he had cost him…
They were worth at least as much as they could be sold for in the market…
It is the impossibility of living by any other means that compels our farm labourers to till the soil whose fruits they will not eat…
It is want that compels them to go down on their knees to the rich man in order to get from him permission to enrich him…
what effective gain [has] the suppression of slavery brought [him ?]
He is free, you say. Ah!
That is his misfortune…
These men…
[have] the most terrible,
the most imperious of masters,
that is, need. …
They must therefore find someone to hire them,
or die of hunger.
Is that to be free?
Some defenders of slavery, mainly from the Southern slave states argued that workers were
"free but in name – the slaves of endless toil,"
and that their slaves were better off.
This contention has been partly corroborated by some modern studies that indicate slaves' material conditions in the 19th century were
"better than what was typically available to free urban laborers at the time."
In this period, Henry David Thoreau wrote that
“[i]t is hard to have a Southern overseer; it is worse to have a Northern one; but worst of all when you are the slave-driver of yourself.”
The description of wage workers as wage slaves was not without controversy.
Many abolitionists in the U.S. including northern capitalists,
regarded the analogy to be spurious.
They believed that wage workers were
"neither wronged nor oppressed".
The abolitionist and former slave Frederick Douglass declared
"Now I am my own master"
when he took a paying job.
Abraham Lincoln and the republicans
"did not challenge the notion that those who spend their entire lives as wage laborers were comparable to slaves",
though they argued that the condition was different,
as laborers were likely to have the opportunity to work for themselves in the future,
achieving self-employment.
However, self-employment became less common as the artisan tradition slowly disappeared in the later part of the 19th century.
In 1869 The New York Times described the system of wage labor as
"a system of slavery as absolute if not as degrading as that which lately prevailed at the South".
E. P. Thompson notes that for British workers at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, the
"gap in status between a 'servant,' a hired wage-laborer subject to the orders and discipline of the master, and an artisan,
who might 'come
and
go' as he pleased,
was wide enough for men to shed blood rather than allow themselves to be pushed from one side to the other.
And, in the value system of the community, those who resisted degradation were in the right."
A
"Member of the Builders' Union"
in the 1830s argued that the trade unions
"will not only strike for less work, and more wages, but will ultimately abolish wages, become their own masters and work for each other; labor and capital will no longer be separate but will be indissolubly joined together in the hands of workmen and work-women."
This perspective inspired the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union of 1834 which had the
"two-fold purpose of syndicalist unions
– the protection of the workers under the existing system and the formation of the nuclei of the future society"
when the unions
"take over the whole industry of the country."
"Research has shown",
summarises William Lazonick,
"that the 'free-born Englishman' of the eighteenth century – even those who, by force of circumstance, had to submit to agricultural wage labour – tenaciously resisted entry into the capitalist workshop."Karl Marx described Capitalist society as infringing on individual autonomy, by basing it on a materialistic and commodified concept of the body and its liberty
(i.e. as something that is sold, rented or alienated in a class society).
According to Marx:
The slave is sold once and for all;
the proletarian must sell himself daily and hourly.
The individual slave, property of one master, is assured an existence, however miserable it may be, because of the master's interest.
The individual proletarian, property as it were of the entire bourgeois class which buys his labor only when someone has need of it, has no secure existence.
African American
wage workers picking cotton on a plantation in the South.
American financier Jay Gould.
After hiring strikebreakers,
he said
"I can hire one-half of the working class to kill the other half."
Proponents of the viewpoint that the condition of wage workers has substantial similarities
(as well as some advantages and disadvantages)
vis a vis chattel slavery,
argued that: Since the chattel slave is property, his value to an owner is in some ways higher than that of a worker who may quit, be fired or replaced.
The chattel slave's owner has made a greater investment in terms of the money he paid for the slave.
For this reason, in times of recession, chattel slaves could not be fired like wage laborers.
A
"wage slave"
could also be harmed at no (or less) cost.
American chattel slaves in the 19th century had improved their standard of living from the 18th century and,
according to historians Fogel and Engerman plantation records show that slaves worked less,
were better fed and whipped only occasionally—their material conditions in the 19th century being
"better than what was typically available to free urban laborers at the time".
This was partially due to slave psychological strategies under an economic system different from capitalist wage slavery.
According to Mark Michael Smith of the Economic History Society: Although intrusive and oppressive,
paternalism, the way masters employed it, and the methods slaves used to manipulate it,
rendered slaveholders' attempts to institute capitalistic work regimens on their plantation ineffective
and
so allowed slaves to carve out a degree of autonomy.
Similarly,
various strategies and struggles adopted
by wage laborers contributed to the creation of labor unions and welfare institutions, etc.
that helped improve standards of living since the beginning of the industrial revolution.
Nevertheless, worldwide, work-related injuries and illnesses still kill at least 2.2 million workers per year with
"between 184 and 208 million workers suffer[ing] from work-related diseases"
and about
"270 million"
non-lethal injuries of varying severity
"caused by preventable factors at the workplace".
--a number that may or may not compare favorably with chattel slavery's.

Music Playlist at MixPod.com

When You Pray - No Beats Necessary

Prayer
Prayer
Mary Magdalene
by
Ary Scheffer (1795-1858).
Prayer is a form of religious practice that seeks to activate a volitional connection to God,
or
any deity,
through deliberate practice.
Prayer may be either individual or communal and take place in public or in private. It may involve the use of words or song.
When language
is used,
prayer may take the form of a hymn, incantation,
formal creedal statement,
or a spontaneous utterance in the praying person.
There are different forms of prayer such as petitionary prayer,
prayers of supplication,
thanksgiving, and worship/praise.
Prayer may be directed towards a deity,
spirit,
deceased person,
or lofty idea,
for the purpose of worshiping,
requesting guidance,
requesting assistance,
confessing sins or to express one's thoughts and emotions.
Thus,
people pray for many reasons such as personal benefit
or
for the sake of others.
Most major religions involve prayer in one way or another.
Some ritualize the act of prayer,
requiring a strict sequence of actions or placing a restriction
on who is permitted to pray,
while others teach that prayer may be practiced spontaneously
by
anyone at any time.
Scientific studies regarding the use of prayer have mostly concentrated on its effect on the healing of sick or injured people.
The efficacy of petition in prayer for physical healing
to a
deity has been evaluated in numerous studies,
with contradictory results.
There has been some criticism
of the
way the studies were conducted

Praying has many different forms.
Prayer may be done privately and individually, or it may be done corporately in the presence of fellow believers.
Prayer can be incorporated into a daily
"thought life,"
in which one is in constant communication with a god.
Some people pray throughout all that
is
happening during the day
and
seek guidance as the day progresses.
This is actually regarded as a requirement in several Christian denominations,
although enforcement is not possible nor desirable. There can be many different answers to prayer, just as there are many ways to interpret an answer to a question, if there in fact comes an answer.
Some may experience audible, physical, or mental epiphanies.
If indeed an answer comes,
the time and place it comes is considered random.
Some outward acts that sometimes accompany prayer are: anointing with oil;
ringing a bell;
burning incense or paper;
lighting a candle or candles;
facing a specific direction
(i.e. towards Mecca or the East);
making the sign of the cross.
One less noticeable act related to prayer is fasting.
A variety of body postures may be assumed,
often with specific meaning
(mainly respect or adoration)
associated with them:
standing; sitting; kneeling;
prostrate on the floor;
eyes opened;
eyes closed;
hands folded or clasped;
hands upraised;
holding hands with others;
a laying on of hands and others.
Prayers may be recited from memory,
read from a book of prayers,
or
composed spontaneously as they are prayed.
They may be said, chanted, or sung.
They may be with musical accompaniment or not.
There may be a time of outward silence while prayers are offered mentally.
Often, there are prayers to fit specific occasions,
such as the blessing of a meal,
the birth or death of a loved one,
other significant events in the life of a believer,
or
days of the year
that have special religious significance.

Judgement Day: How the Sun Will Rise in the West

The Last Judgment,
Final Judgment,
Day of Judgment,
Judgment Day,
or
Day of the Lord in Christian theology,
is the
final and eternal judgment by God of all nations.
It will take place after the resurrection of the dead and the Second Coming of Christ
(Revelation 20:12–15).
This belief has inspired numerous artistic depictions.
There is little agreement among Christian denominations
in
Christian eschatology
as to what
happens after death and before the Last Judgment.

The doctrine and iconographic depiction
of the
"Last Judgment"
are
drawn from many passages from the apocalyptic sections of the Bible.
It appears most directly in
The Sheep and the Goats
section of the
Gospel of Matthew where the judgment is entirely based on help given
or
refused
to
"the least of these":
When the Son of Man comes in His glory,
and all the angels with Him,
then
He will sit on the throne of His glory.
All the nations will be gathered before Him,
and
He will separate people one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats,
and
He will put the sheep at his right hand and the goats at the left.
Then the king will say to those at His right hand,
“Come, you that are blessed by my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world;
for
I was hungry and you gave me food,
I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink,
I was a stranger and you welcomed me,
I was naked and you gave me clothing,
I was sick and you took care of me,
I was in prison and you visited me.” ...
“Truly I tell you, just as you did it to one of the least of these who are members of my family, you did it to me.”
Then He will say to those at His left hand,
“You that are accursed,
depart from me into the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels;
for
I was hungry and you gave me no food,
I was thirsty and you gave me nothing to drink,
I was a stranger and you did not welcome me,
naked and you did not give me clothing,
sick
and
in prison and you did not visit me.”
... “Truly I tell you, just as you did not do it to one of the least of these, you did not do it to me.”
And these will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life.
(Matthew 25:31-36, 40-43, 45-46 NRSV)
The doctrine is further supported by passages in Daniel, Isaiah and the Revelation of Saint John the Divine:
And I saw a great white throne, and him that sat on it, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away;
and there was found no place for them.
And I saw the dead, small and great, stand before God;
and
the books were opened: and another book was opened,
which is the book of life:
and the dead were judged out of those things which were written in the books,
according to their works.
(Rev 20:11-12)
Christ Pantokrator and the Last Judgement
(mosaic, Baptistry of San Giovanni in Florence, c. 1300).
Adherents of millennialism, mostly Protestant Christians, regard the two passages as describing separate events:
the
"sheep and goats"
judgment will determine the final status of those persons alive at the end of the Tribulation, and the
"Great White Throne"
judgment will be the final condemnation of the unrighteous dead at the end of all time,
after the end of the world and before the beginning
of the
eternal period described in the final two chapters of Revelation.
Also,
Matthew 3:10-12:
Even now the axe is lying at the root of the trees;
every tree therefore that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire.
‘I baptize you with water for repentance,
but one who is more powerful than I is coming after me;
I am not worthy to carry his sandals.
He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire.
His winnowing fork is in his hand, and he will clear his threshing-floor and will gather his wheat into the granary;
but the chaff he will burn with unquenchable fire.’
Matthew 13:40-43:
Just as the weeds are collected and burned up with fire, so will it be at the end of the age.
The Son of Man will send his angels,
and
they will collect out of his kingdom all causes of sin and all evildoers,
and they will throw them into the furnace of fire,
where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.
Then the righteous will shine like the sun in the kingdom of their Father.
Let anyone with ears listen!
Luke 12:4-5,49:
‘I tell you, my friends,
do not fear those who kill the body,
and
after that can do nothing more.
But I will warn you whom to fear: fear him who,
after
he has killed,
has authority to cast into hell.
Yes, I tell you, fear him! ...
‘I came to bring fire to the earth,
and
how I wish it were already kindled!

What Is The Global Information Network?

"Julius Caesar"
Gaius Julius Caesar
Consul/Dictator of the Roman Republic
CaesarTusculum.jpg
The "Tusculum portrait", possibly the only surviving bust of Caesar made during his lifetime.
Reign October 49 BC –
15 March 44 BC (as dictator and/or consul)
Full name Gaius Julius Caesar
Born 13 July 100 BC
Birthplace Subura, Rome
Died 15 March 44 BC (aged 55)
Place of death Curia of Pompey, Rome
Consort Cornelia Cinna minor 84 – 68 BC
Pompeia 68 – 63 BC
Calpurnia Pisonis 59 – 44 BC
Offspring Julia Caesaris 85/84 – 54 BC
Caesarion 47 – 30 BC
Augustus 63 BC – 14 AD (grand-nephew, posthumously adopted as Caesar's son in 44 BC)
Royal House Julio-Claudian
Father Gaius Julius Cæsar
Mother Aurelia Cotta
Gaius Julius Caesar (13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.
In 60 BC, Caesar entered into a political alliance with Crassus and Pompey that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power for themselves through populist tactics were opposed within the Roman Senate by the conservative elite, among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar's conquest of Gaul extended Rome's territory to the North Sea, and in 55 BC he conducted the first Roman invasion of Britain. These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse Pompey's standing. The balance of power was further upset by the death of Crassus in 53 BC. Political realignments in Rome finally led to a stand-off between Caesar and Pompey, the latter having taken up the cause of the Senate. Ordered by the senate to stand trial in Rome for various charges, Caesar marched from Gaul to Italy with his legions, crossing the Rubicon in 49 BC. This sparked a civil war from which he emerged as the unrivaled leader of the Roman world.
After assuming control of government, he began extensive reforms of Roman society and government. He centralised the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed "dictator in perpetuity". A group of senators, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, assassinated the dictator on the Ides of March (15 March) 44 BC, hoping to restore the constitutional government of the Republic. However, the result was a series of civil wars, which ultimately led to the establishment of the permanent Roman Empire by Caesar's adopted heir Octavius (later known as Augustus). Much of Caesar's life is known from his own accounts of his military campaigns, and other contemporary sources, mainly the letters and speeches of Cicero and the historical writings of Sallust. The later biographies of Caesar by Suetonius and Plutarch are also major sources.
Information security

Information Security Components: or qualities, i.e., Confidentiality,Integrity and Availability (CIA).
Information Systems are decomposed in three main portions,
hardware,
software and communications with the purpose to identify and apply information security industry standards,
as mechanisms of protection and prevention,
at three levels or layers:
Physical, personal and organizational. Essentially,
procedures or policies are implemented to tell people
(administrators, users and operators)
how to use
products to ensure
information security within the organizations.
Information security means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access,
use,
disclosure,
disruption,
modification or destruction.
The termsinformation security,
computer security and information assurance are frequently incorrectly used interchangeably.
These fields are interrelated often and share
the common goals
of
protecting the confidentiality,
integrity and availability of information;
however, there are somesubtle differences between them.
These differences lie primarily in the approach to the subject,
the methodologies used,
and
the areas of concentration.
Information security is concerned with the confidentiality,
integrity and availability of data regardless of the form the data may take:
electronic, print,
or
other forms.
Computer security can focus on ensuring
the
availability and correct operation
of a
computer system without concern for the information
stored or processed
by the computer.
Governments, military, corporations, financial institutions, hospitals, and private businesses amass a great deal of confidential information about their employees, customers, products, research, and financial status.
Most of this information is now collected, processed and stored on electronic computers and transmitted across networks to other computers.Should confidential information about a business' customers or finances or new product line fall into the hands of a competitor, such a breach of security could lead to lost business, law suits or even bankruptcy of the business.
Protecting confidential information is a business requirement, and in many cases also an ethical and legal requirement.

For the individual, information security has a significant effect on privacy, which is viewed very differently in different cultures.
The field of information security has grown and evolved significantly in recent years. As a career choice there are many ways of gaining entry into the field.
It offers many areas for specialization including:
securing network(s)
and allied infrastructure,
securing applications and databases,
security testing,
information systems auditing,
business continuity planning and digital forensics science,
to name a few, which are carried out
by
Information Security Consultants
This article
presents a general overview
of
information security and its core concepts.

History
Since the early days of writing, heads of state and military commanders
understood that it was necessary to provide some mechanism
to protect
the
confidentiality of written correspondence
and
to have some means of detecting tampering.
Julius Caesar
is credited with the invention of the Caesar cipher c50 B.C.,
which was
created in order to prevent his secret messages
from
being read should a message fall into the wrong hands.
World War II brought about many advancements
in
information security and marked the beginning
of the
professional field of information security.
The end of the 20th century and early years of the 21st century saw rapid advancements
intelecommunications,
computing hardware and software,
and data encryption.
The availability of smaller, more powerful and less expensive computing equipment made electronic data processing within the reach of small business and the home user. These computers quickly became interconnected through a network generically called the
Internet or World Wide Web.
The rapid growth and widespread use of electronic data processing and electronic business conducted through the Internet,
along with numerous occurrences of international terrorism,
fueled the need for better methods
of
protecting the computers and the information they store, process and transmit.
The academic disciplines of computer security,
information security and information assurance emerged along with numerous professional organizations -
all sharing the common goals
ofensuring the security and reliability of information systems.